Leadership & Affecting Change in Public Health-Samples for Student

Question: Talk about the Leadership and Affecting Change in Public Health. Answer: Authority and Affecting Change in Public Health Section one: pioneers versus supervisors and their job vary in general wellbeing Pioneers are people inside an association with the capacity to lead individuals inside the association towards accomplishing the planned goals. So as to lead individuals inside the association, pioneers impact workers practices in different routes so as to accomplish hierarchical destinations. A director then again is depicted by MSG as, someone who officially drives individual and gathering tries to accomplish shared targets. The executives' commitments include: masterminding to immediate, watching and evaluating created by at any rate one individuals. Initiative dependent on the two definitions can be named a type of the executives. Administrators and pioneers have a similar commitment to other staff individuals. The two of them need to utilize control system to accomplish authoritative objectives. Numerous pioneers of the world are made yet not conceived as the as the state goes. As indicated by different administration reports, for a person to turn into a decent pioneer in any part, such individual must pick up understanding, gain information, build up the capacity to focus on the association, be tolerance and above all, must have the option to work with others inside the association towards accomplishing the business objectives. Nonetheless, different segments require fluctuated aptitudes, information, and demeanor. General wellbeing as a division is distinctive with different parts along these lines various abilities are required. It is in this way suitable for general wellbeing pioneers to experience a ceaseless procedure of self-advancement, assessment preparing to accomplish general wellbeing objectives and aggregation of the necessary abilities. Then again, some initiative speculations bolster the explanation that pioneers are conceived and just experiences preparing an d instruction to obtain and lift their authority aptitudes. Despite the fact that these administration speculations are unique, they all concur that a pioneer must gain the fundamental aptitudes. Pioneers and chiefs ought to as such secure the necessary abilities in their profession. Pioneers and administrators in general wellbeing As per incredible researchers, a general wellbeing pioneer ought to be visionary, settle on great and assessed choices, ought to be a decent communicator just as face challenges to accomplish the framework general wellbeing objectives (Aarons et al. 2016). Pioneers in the general wellbeing part ought to have the conviction of their necessary qualities just as have solid duty guaranteeing that everybody in the country is sound. General wellbeing officials as indicated by the 16 key general wellbeing initiative standards portrayed by Rowitz in his 2014 way of thinking ought to be politically shrewd and can tune in and make a move on what the individuals from the open say (Rowitz, 2014). Besides, general wellbeing pioneers ought to have passionate knowledge, deferential of various societies, must be center towards the future, versatile and need to adore general wellbeing commitments. General wellbeing pioneers as per these standards ought to likewise have a striking comprehension of gro up building and laborers coordinated effort as the key variables for wellbeing improvement. Section two: administration in the general wellbeing industry Meeting one: The organizer met by email 27/03/18 Input got via mail 28th/03/18 Inquiries posed to see (chart in informative supplement 1) Synopsis of answers got from the wellbeing organizer To accomplish this report, two pioneers whose characters would not be uncovered were met by means of email and reaction got through a similar stage. The quick individual met was activity and clinical facilitate with different representatives under him, for example, the paramedics. The interviewee must oversee the paramedics and coordination of everyday clinical activities (Rowitz, 2014). As per the people reaction, authority is the demonstration of tuning in to the lesser staff just as urging them to progress in the direction of the authoritative objectives. In view of his reaction to the inquiries, this individual has solid accepts that he should make the paramedics to have confidence in offering types of assistance to the network. He expresses that despite the fact that there is a slight distinction between general wellbeing the board and different organizations, the primary target of pioneers is to motivate staff individuals to accomplish the authoritative objectives. He believes that while there is a slight capability between ordinary organizations organization and authority inside the prosperity business that all in all there should not to be various qualifications. Initiative and the executives are continually about rousing staff to achieve to their most raised norm. With respect to, he accepts he ought to beat the boundary to pass on quality organization fuse; sponsoring, game plan, motivations of accomplices and authoritative association. He confides in the piece of Public Wellbeing in finishing the inside components of examination ought to incorporate game plan headway and certification is consistent quality switch to keep up official capacities and invigorate current practices/systems. His vision for Public Health in the 21st century is to extend staff capacities and push ahead abroad tasks to ensure a general change in prosperity transport. He considers the to be issues as; financing, staffing, getting ready, and beefiness. He confides in open private associations that convey general prosperity stresses to be possible if contention to profit is excluded. He doesn't believe that the general open has an acceptable perception of Public Health, he believes that preparation and progression that explains the piece of general prosperity and general prosperity courses of action would help in keeping an eye on this. He states in his answers that as a pioneer, he should work brilliant to conquer obstructions inside the part through evaluation and strategy making just as improvement of value confirmation by refreshing current general wellbeing rehearses. As indicated by the wellbeing facilitator, his fundamental enthusiasm for connection to general wellbeing is to lift staff abilities and offer best types of assistance to the network. In his announcement, he expresses that it is critical for the administration to incorporate general wellbeing with the general wellbeing division to accomplish most extreme wellbeing administration arrangement. Study As per the meeting, the wellbeing organizer has demonstrated a sign he doesnt have characteristics portrayed by Rowitiz in his authority model. The supervisor has the two his staff just as the general network on a fundamental level (Karlberg, 2016). Be that as it may, it will be hard to communicate and follow up on his obligations dependent on the administration style he recommended in the meeting. In different event, s is hard to control an enormous gathering. Along these lines, expanding number of staff individuals implies diminished the ideal opportunity for management and motivation which additionally think about execution (Rowitz, 2014). As indicated by his set of working responsibilities, he has a base commitment to the network yet his staff. Along these lines dependent on his activity commitment he should work more on his capacities as a pioneer which will have a more prominent effect with regards to wellbeing advancement and administration conveyance incorporating the 16 key general wellbeing initiative standards (Kuipers et al. 2014). Additionally, he thinks that its hard to totally meet his commitment because of him not executing different standards of administration. Meeting two: CO met by email 27th/03/18 Input got by email 28th/03/18 Inquiries posed to see (chart in reference section 1) Synopsis of answers got from the CO The subsequent meeting was a meeting with head CO positioned in Southport. She has duties to assess junior COs, coordination of the wellbeing arrangement just as general management of clinical officials and furthermore mentorship of different paramedics under her locale. Her principle job is specialized administration identified with understanding consideration in her workstation. Like the principal meet the name of the interviewee won't be uncovered as mentioned before her meeting. She said during the meeting that she joined general wellbeing division because of her dads incredible accomplishment. She characterized general wellbeing as a significant industry that offers wellbeing treatment and cares to the general network and administration as the capacity to direct staff individuals to accomplish the hierarchical objectives one is given. As per the meeting, she accepts that an innovator in the general wellbeing segment ought to be visionary, moving, creative, and test just as change activity. She further expresses that the administration aptitudes required by a general wellbeing official ought to be not quite the same as those of pioneers in different business enterprises. Concerning, she accepts that political impedance, just as money related confinements, are the primary obstructions towards general wellbeing administration conveyance. She expressed in her meeting that practices are required in general wellbeing to build up the necessary abilities. She likewise expressed strategy advancement, appraisal and quality confirmation as different elements which must be acquired through the improvement of the necessary abilities (Van der Voort, 2015). In addition, in during her meeting, she referenced that pioneers are conceived however not made. Because of her accepting that pioneers are conceived, she recommended that to create required abilities by the conceived pioneers they need to experience preparing, instruction which will help improve wellbeing administration arrangement (Rowitz, 2014). She likewise states in her reactions mentorship is significant and that legislative issues is significant in general wellbeing as it prompts expanded or diminished of the business. Investigate The second interviewee similarly as the past interviewee firmly accept that general wellbeing initiative is somewhat unique structure administration in different segments which is converse to Rowitz way of thinking (Smith et al. 2015). Be that as it may, in accordance with the Rowitz contention she, puts more accentuation on the more extensive network. Based

Community policing has been introduced to combat crime and to build a Essay

Network policing has been acquainted with battle wrongdoing and to fabricate a scaffold among police and the general population. Basically talk about the adequacy of this model of policing in accomplishing these points - Essay Example olitan Police accepts, â€Å"One of the key standards of present day policing in Britain is that the police try to work with the network and as a feature of the community† (web). As a procedure, network policing battles wrongdoing by making a shared connection between the police power and people in general (Kennedy, et al., 1990). Network policing advances great connection among open and police empowering them to report criminal acts to the police. This has come about to diminish in crime percentage in Britain. Then again, the police power can acquire significant and urgent data from the general population. Sir Robert Peel affirms that collaboration between the police and open decides the extent of power that police require to battle wrongdoing (Nazemi, 2009). Up until this point, network policing has made it workable for the British police to utilize less merciless power in combatting wrongdoing, at any rate in the local locations. In spite of the fact that network policing has been successful in certain zones, it has additionally neglected somewhat because of disappointment of the network to collaborate. People in general have consistently identified with the hoodlums particularly when the lawbreakers are relatives. This decreases adequacy of network policing (Farrington, 1994). General society has consistently considered the to be as an open foe and thusly declined to chip in any supportive data in dread of exploitation subsequently decreasing viability of network policing (McKnight, 1995). Also, seeing in murder and wrongdoing scene cases is very feverish and including. Now and again these cases take a long time to illuminate. Lawbreakers may undermine the general population into seeing against them. This makes general society to avoid helping the police in their endeavors to do network policing subsequently trading off viability of network policing. By shutting the hole between the general population and the police power network policing has empowered criminal to learn strategies applied by the police and this has brought about an expansion in wrongdoing (Clifford, 1998). In

Teens Death Exposes Danger of Binge Drinking

Teens Death Exposes Danger of Binge Drinking Addiction Alcohol Use Binge Drinking Print Story of Teens Death Exposes Danger of Binge Drinking Know signs of alcohol poisoning and when to call 9-1-1 By Buddy T facebook twitter Buddy T is an anonymous writer and founding member of the Online Al-Anon Outreach Committee with decades of experience writing about alcoholism. Learn about our editorial policy Buddy T Updated on June 01, 2019 Family Photo More in Addiction Alcohol Use Binge Drinking Withdrawal and Relapse Children of Alcoholics Drunk Driving Addictive Behaviors Drug Use Nicotine Use Coping and Recovery The acute alcohol poisoning death of 16-year-old Julia Gonzalez shook the nation in 2008 when she was found dead in a park. The coroner said her blood-alcohol content showed the equivalent of 16 drinks consumed in one hour. An average-sized, healthy person generally can safely process one drink in one hour.   Gonzalezs death was ruled accidental. Although no one has come forward to say what happened that night, it is assumed her death was the result of binge drinking gone terribly wrong. Although, her death highlights clearly the dangers of binge drinking for others. It is very important to know the signs of alcohol poisoning, you can save a persons life. Signs of Acute Alcohol Poisoning There is a difference between sleeping it off and alcohol poisoning. It is important to know the signs of acute alcohol poisoning:Mental confusionPerson cannot be woken upVomitingSeizuresSlow breathing (fewer than eight breaths per minute)Irregular breathing (10 seconds or more between breaths)Hypothermia (low body temperature), bluish skin color, paleness? Death by Alcohol The toxicology report showed Gonzalezs  blood-alcohol content  at the time of her death was 0.52, more than six times the legal limit for adult intoxication in California. At 5 feet 2 inches tall and about 100 pounds, Julia would have had to drink the equivalent of one pint of 86-proof whiskey in an hour to register that high, said the deputy coroner. Were not saying thats what she drank, but thats what youd have to drink at that weight to get to that level. How to Identify Acute Alcohol Poisoning A Tragic, But Common, Binge Drinking Story Unfortunately, Gonzalezs story happens way too frequently to young, inexperienced drinkers who engage in  extreme binge drinking. They get far too intoxicated to function, and then their friends think they are just drunk and passed out. Or, in another case, everyone is underage, drinking illegally and hesitant to call for help. The legal consequences of underage drinking pale in comparison to a friend losing their life because no one called 9-1-1. In the case of Gonzalez, it was known that she was meeting up with friends that night, but none of her friends would talk about what happened between the time Gonzalez said goodbye to her grandmother the night before at 7 p.m. and when her body was found at 5 a.m. the next morning. What detectives piece together is that when she got into trouble that night by drinking too much, too quickly and began to exhibit symptoms of acute alcohol poisoning, her friends did not call 9-1-1. Call For Help, Save a Life If you feel a person may have alcohol poisoning, call 9-1-1. It could be a matter of life or death. If you are not sure, some signs would be that the person will not wake up if you try to wake them, or if the person is breathing too slowly and is cold to the touch. If the person is vomiting, stay with the person and do not leave. It may be unpleasant, but staying could save the persons life. Try to sit the person up. If the person cannot stay upright, lay the person on their side, with their head turned to one side. Watch for signs of choking. Do not give the person anything to eat or drink to try to sober them up. Do not put them in a cold shower. Only time can sober a person up or medical help. Critical Ways Binge Drinking Can Affect Your Brain and Memory

The Key Dimensions Of Gender Equality - 920 Words

The key influences/dimensions of gender equality in the workplace comparing UK and Greece Introduction The aim of this essay is to critically analyze the key influences/ dimensions of gender equality in the workplace comparing U.K and Greece. There are many dimensions of gender equality in the workplace that have been researched and studied carefully over the years. This study will critically examine and highlight the importance of the key dimensions of gender equality in the workplace in these two countries as well as to compare them. Firstly, in order to analyze these key dimensions the following concepts need to be defined: Gender Equality Gender equality is achieved when men and women have the same rights and opportunities in all†¦show more content†¦ANAGNOSTOU, D., 2013. Gender Constitutional Reform and Feminist Mobilization in Greece and the EU: From Formal to Substantive Equality?. Canadian Journal of Law and Society [online]. 28 (2), pp. 133-150. [viewed 7 May 2017]. Available from: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/259434797_Gender_Constitutional_Reform_and_Feminist_Mobilization_in_Greece_and_the_EU_From_Formal_to_Substantive_Equality 3. BRADLEY, H. HEALY, G., 2008. Ethnicity and gender at work: inequalities, careers and employment relations, Palgrave Macmillan. New York: Basingstoke. 4. CABRERA, E.F., 2009. Protean Organizations: Reshaping Work and Careers to Retain Female Talent. Career Development International. [online]. 14 (2), pp. 186-201. [viewed 5 May 2017]. Available from: http://www.emeraldinsight.com/doi/abs/10.1108/13620430910950773 5. CIPD, 2010. Creating an Engaged Workforce [online]. CIPD. [viewed 30 April 2017]. Available from: http://www.cipd.co.uk/NR/rdonlyres/DD66E557-DB90-4F07-8198-87C3876F3371/0/Creating_engaged_workforce.pdf 6. GOLTZ, S.M. HIETAPELTO, A.B. 2013. Translating the Social Watch Gender Equity Index for University Use. Change. 45(3), pp. 66-73. 7. ELWÉR, S., HARRYSON, L., BOLIN, M. HAMMARSTRÃâ€"M, A. 2013. Patterns of Gender Equality at Workplaces and Psychological Distress: e53246, PLoS One, 8(1). 8. EQUAL PAY ACT 1970, 1970. Managerial Law, 8(5), pp. 1048-1057. 9. GROSSER, K. MOON, J., 2008. Developments in companyShow MoreRelatedGender Inequality : Developing Countries And The Reason For The Human Development963 Words   |  4 PagesSince the beginning of time gender inequality has been an obstacle towards the human development of countries around the world. The Human Development Index was created to showcase the average achievement of males and females. However, females have been oppressed of their opportunities throughout time, which contradicts the main idea of the Human Development Index. To understand the difference between developed and developing countries and the reason for the gender gap between males and females thereRead MoreSummary : Muller V. Oregon1540 Words   |  7 Pagesactions taken only reinforce gender formations- once again attacking the plea for equal opportunity. 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Can I Legally Use Online Photos in My Family History

Genealogists love images—photos of their ancestors, historical maps, digitized documents, historic photos of places and events...  But can we legally use the  fabulous photos that we find online in a published family history? A genealogy blog? A research report? What if we only plan to distribute the document that we are creating to a few family members, or are not planning to publish  for profit? Does that make a difference? The best way to ensure that youre safely using an image is to create it yourself. Visit the cemetery where your ancestors are buried, or the house where they used to live, and take your own photos. And, in case youre wondering, taking a photo of a copyrighted photograph doesnt count! We dont, however, always have the luxury of creating our own images. Historical photographs, especially of people and places that are no longer with us, are just too important a part of the story to want to leave out. But how do we find and identify photos that we can legally use to enhance our family histories? Consideration #1: Is it protected by copyright? The excuse that a photo weve found online doesnt have a copyright notice doesnt count. In the United States, most works first published after March 1, 1989, are not required to provide notice of copyright. There are also different copyright laws in different countries covering different time periods. To be safe, assume that every image you find online is copyrighted unless you can prove otherwise. Its also not okay to  edit or change a copyrighted image and then call it our own. Cropping and using only a  portion of a copyrighted image in a blog post is still a violation of the image owners copyright,  even if we give credit...which leads us to the next consideration. Consideration #2: What if I include attribution? Taking and using another person’s photo or graphic and giving them credit as the owner of the photograph, a link  back (if using it online), or any other type of attribution does not negate copyright infringement. It may make using someone elses photo without permission a little more ethical because we are not claiming the work of someone else as our own (plagiarism), but it does not make it right. Consideration #3: What if the original photo is in my possession? What if Grandma left us a box of old family photos. Can we use those in a published family history or upload them to an online family tree? Not necessarily. In most countries, including the United States,  the creator of the work owns the copyright.  In the case of an old family photo, copyright belongs to the photographer, not the person being photographed. Even if we don’t know who took the picture—and in the case of old family photos, we typically don’t unless a studio is identified—someone may still retain rights to the work. In the United States, that unknown photographer holds copyright until ninety years after the item was published, or 120 years after it was created. This is why some copy centers will refuse to make copies or digital scans of old family photos, especially those that were obviously taken in a studio. How to Find Photos Online That You Can Legally Use Search engines Google and Bing both offer the ability to search for photos and filter your search by usage rights. This makes it easier to find both public domain photographs, as well as those labeled for reuse through licensing systems such as Creative Commons. In Google Images search select Search Tools and then Usage Rights.  In Bing, after selecting images, you have to first enter a search term. At that point filtering options will pop up. Select License for images marked as public domain, free to share and use, etc.Flickr also offers Creative Commons search capabilities. Under Flickr Advanced Search there are options to search only within Creative Commons licensed content. Of special note are collections hosted by archives, university libraries and similar institutions, such as this collection of over one million public domain photographs from The British Library.Specialty search engines such as  Veezzle  let you search for free stock photos across multiple sites. Scroll down past the strip of photos across the top titled Premium Stock Photos to find the free results. In some countries, photographs produced by government agencies may be in the public domain. Uncle Sams Photos, for example,  offers a directory to the U.S. Governments free photo collections. Public domain may be affected by both the country in which the photo was taken, and the country in which it will be used (e.g. works made by the government of the United Kingdom (England, Scotland, Wales, Northern Ireland) and published more than 50 years ago are considered to be in the public domain for use within the United States).   ​For More on this Topic:Copyright and the Old Family Photograph  (Judy Russell)

Compare aspects of the life of your mother at the age of 15 with the life you have, aged 15 Free Essays

What did your mum do for fun at the age of fun when she was 15? What sort of career prospects did she have? What sort of food would she have eaten and what would she have viewed as cool? This essay is going to attempt to explore the differences between my mum’s life at 15 and mine. My mum at 15 went to a boarding school in Devon, and so her leisure time was structured. My mothers TV viewing was decided by two prefects and the headmistress. We will write a custom essay sample on Compare aspects of the life of your mother at the age of 15 with the life you have, aged 15 or any similar topic only for you Order Now At 15 I mostly choose what I watch on television and this varies from Eastenders to Big Brother, whereas the highlight of my mothers viewing every week was TOTP. The girls were never allowed into town except for dental treatment and could only go to the shops if the matron’s helper was in a good mood and would let them. By the lower fifth (year 10) the year would have its own common room where they would listen to records by the Rolling Stones and Tamla Motown and talk. My mother told me that after half terms and exeats she and her friends having pooled their money together would have midnight feasts. Midnight feasts are now a feature of most sleepovers and shopping in town is a regular occurrence. As for music it has progressed from records to CDs and from the Rolling Stones to the Darkness. Although we do not have a common room we are now from year 10 upwards aloud to be in our form room at lunch. When my mother was 15 job prospects for women were still pretty limited and the expectation was that women should have a job but should give it up once married to look after the house and any children. There were few respectable professions for women. There example are nursing, teaching and secretarial work. This is very different from the prospects for women today. Today so long as you have the qualifications you can get almost anywhere. In 1970 there were no convenience foods such as pizza from the freezer. My mother remembers most mornings being able to have either a cooked breakfast or toast and cereal. At least once a week there would be a roast dinner as well as Sundays, and also a salad once a week. Desserts were traditionally stodgy such as spotted dick and jam roly poly. There were sometimes non-traditional foods such as paella as the school employed a Spanish cook. Today you can acquire most traditional foods at supermarkets as convenience foods though puddings at school still are mostly the same such as chocolate sponge. Roasts are not as frequent and at most schools you can have salad any day of the week, also food from other cultures are quite common. Fashion styles may have changed since my mother was 15 but the fact that if you were not in the most up to date fashions then you are considered ‘Square’ has not. When my mother was 15 mini skirts had just gone out of fashion and skirts had gone to the opposite extreme of maxi skirts. Fashions were more fixed, it was either one thing or another and they did not change as often as today. There are 34 yrs between me and my mum being 15 and though some fashions and the names of the bands that teenagers listen to have changed. Teenagers still follow fashion avidly and try to break as many rules as possible even if boundaries have become wider. Prospects and boundaries may have widened but in essence things have stayed the same. How to cite Compare aspects of the life of your mother at the age of 15 with the life you have, aged 15, Essays

Pharmaceutical Company Innovation Impact-Free-Samples for Students

Question: Discuss about the Case of Australian Pharmaceuticals. Answer Introduction The growth and development of a firm depends on the products variance and what they can innovate with respect to the ongoing trends of the industry. This text is based on the reviews of authors arguments regarding the Australian pharmaceutical companies. This also analyses the favourable and gaps in government policies, which either helps or acts as a barrier in innovation in the firm (McCann Ortega-Argils, 2013). The technological innovation has become crucial part of pharmacy industry is operating in regional or on international market (Mudambi Swift, 2012).This idea is also simultaneously important as analyzing whether pharmaceutical firms' experience in their technological and product-market domains confer early advantages to their new product offerings, while leading to higher initial sales levels (Henshall, 2014). It has been found that a rising number of biologics in the channel of pharmacy companies with unbeaten products previously in the market although, small molecular e ntities have principally conquered drug innovation. Research aim and objectives This research is on the impact of policy framework and the government policies influence in technological innovation in pharmaceutical industries of Australia. This research also explores on the advantage and disadvantages that the country had to face regarding the regulations in innovation. In spite of Australias relatively undersized population, Australians consume huge amounts of medicines. The performance of the pharmaceutical industry has been outstanding the years before 2008 cause of financial crisis. However, how the multinationals have struggled and used the economies scale to face the opportunity that they have (Jungmittag, Reger Reiss, 2013). The paper suggests a methodology for measuring the degree of openness in companies' innovation processes through the analysis of annual reports. Aim - The purpose of this piece of writing is to discuss the mentioned areas by reflecting on the Session on RD in Drug Innovation during the Bio economy(Henshall, 2014). Literature review Pharmaceutical industry in Australia knowledge based industry and there is extensive scope of using innovative technologies. The field research in biotechnology and bioinformatics is vast and the new nanotechnologies have become very essential to use to further explore the research and development strategies. In global context, this industry rise is supposed to be stagnant and development of Innovative drugs and generic medicine usage is on rise(Mudambi Swift, 2012). Developing new drugs are expensive. However, with help of government and capitalists eager to invest on the product development, these problems can have solutions in future. The funding part of the RD is allocated and inspected by government health and research centres (Lee, Hwang Choi, 2012). Like The National Health and Medical Research Council (NHMRC), Cooperative Research Centres (CRCs), The Australian Research Council (ARC), The Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO), Cooperative Rese arch Centers (CRCs), eager Universities and local hospitals and nursing homes (www.biogrid.org.au, 2017). Government also provides the Tax compensation and incentive programs in RD. Manufacturing industry in this medical field have outperform other industries in Australia (Mudambi Swift, 2012). The manufacturing industry accounts for about 10% of completely manufacturing industry in export in Australia. This industry is a technologically intensive and have exported around 3.89 billion dollar in the years 2012-2013. Moreover, it spent around $404 million on product manufacturing and RD. The value comes to 2.91 billion dollar as of 2012. Alpha farm in Australia is among the highest contributor to PBS (pharmaceutical benefit scheme in the year 2012 (Cappelen, Raknerud Rybalka, 2012). They are one among the highest market shareholder too. This industrys manufacturing and export performance has been impressive and that demonstrates the fundamental feature transformation that has occurr ed also within the pharmaceuticals manufacturing industry, from one focused principal on supply-demand to domestic market, to another focused on servicing international markets (Lee, Hwang Choi, 2012). The industry has employed about 16,500 people and used up around $404 million on pharmaceutical manufacturing RD in 2011?12. Sales of complementary medicines are worth around $2 billion a year. IBIS World has estimated that more than half of all pharmaceuticals manufacturers revenue is now derived from exports, higher than a decade ago(www.biogrid.org.au, 2017). There have been difficulties in this industry and that have affected the innovation. The certain expiries related patent problems have arise due to non-consolidation and consequence of rationalisation. If at any crucial moment, the company is unable to secure the needed investment exports percentage have shown decline in the average level(Mudambi Swift, 2012). Economies of scale have provided the competitive advantage of to the country for long and have given desirable outcome to the export market exchange Australia. Business Expenditure in this field of RD department, BERD for the pharmaceuticals industry significantly increased between 1998 and 2006, such that nearly by 200607, annual industry investment in RD had reached $860million (Jungmittag, Reger Reiss, 2013). Early stage innovation is strongly supported by the Australian government. This country has also ranked in the top ten of OECD(www.biogrid.org.au, 2017). The help has increased in the following years and support was administered by the NHMRC and planned to raise the capital by $750 million in two years 2010-2012(Sears and Hoetker, 2012). Clinical research development have also ranked in the highest position in the revolutionary drugs like Gardasil (cervical cancer vaccine), Relenza (influenza antiviral) and Naglazyme (treatment for rare genetic disease Mucopolysaccharidosis type six). Australia is known to be congruence towards early sta ge development of medicines not only value adding by packaging business. There are also different reasons for being able to use this as Australia has been reported to have high quality clinical trials. Secondly, Australia have been recognised several times to have excellent reputation in the field research (Sears and Hoetker, 2012). There is also advantage of favourable facilities. The global trends and financial crisis have affected and buffeted this industry. GlaxoSmithKline is one of the most reputed Multinational Corporation in the global market including Australia. The previous government programs had some scheme that has been beneficial for the company. However, they have been backed up by biotechnological innovation process. The rapid rate of patent expiry have matched the competitive advantage that has significant growth in the generic drugs sector (Michelino, Lambarti Caputo, 2014). The paradigm shift to out-sourcing the innovation facilities and early stage RD in the discussing countries has resulted in expansion of the biotechnology division, but this has been offset by cost reduction resulting in worldwide job losses in the originator sector (Besi McCormick, 2015). Considerably, the distribution of the Australian pharmaceuticals manufacturing industry, occupied in the higher value accumulation segments of the supply chain has declined throughout the past decade, from approximately 80per cent formulation to just 45 per cent, with the consideration of balance replaced by packaging activities (Lee, Hwang Choi, 2012). Therapeutic drugs ma nufacturer and sell under the TGA act is a different business unit of Australian government. The strategic Framework of the competitors is in sync with the increment in results they are getting in the over the last 10 years. In this groups direction paper there is also a global impact discussed as the sustainability of the Multinational pharmaceuticals depends most of that in outsourcing (Lehoux et al. 2014). The global working environment is challenging for this particular industry manufacturing RD and commercialization of activity. Though Australia has certain strengths regarding the world-class medical research base, strong clinical research centers, specialization in manufacturing and strong export business performance, value addition business, mature biotechnological sector and cost competitiveness to North America and European countries (McCann Ortega-Argils, 2013). They have also a strong backup of government laws and certainty in legal investments from benefit sharing schem es. The ageing population is in need of therapies that Australian therapy businesses has capabilities to act on (Besi McCormick, 2015). Growing interest on personalized medicine industry technological. The Factor f scheme operating in the country have adverse effects on PBS on innovation and manufacturing industry on Australian pharmaceutical industry. Later support scheme have supported portfolio of activities (Mahroum Al-Saleh, 2013). Research questions The research questions are for further analysis of the topic. After discussing the arguments of the authors in the articles it can be said that there is certainly some influence of global manufacturing of clinical, generic, therapeutic drugs in Australia. There is also a factor government policy acting as stimulation for the batch. Is the impact of policy framework and the government policies influence in technological innovation in pharmaceutical industries of Australia? If the relation between global pharmaceutical industrys performance positively correlated to that of Australias? Is the countrys pharmaceutical industry facing any problem? Is there any degree of open innovation working for this country? Conclusion Therefore, from the above analysis of the arguments of the author it can be concluded that there is certain advantage of having favourable regulations in the Pharmaceutical industries strategic competitive advantage. Australian government has made sure the support is firm in the early stages of drug development policies. There is also a maturity in the biotechnological innovation planning. The Bio informatics is also supportive. Further, there is also different schemes and acts that helps the business environment to grow. The advantage of having a favourable policy framework as a stimulation, which helps the innovation. References: Global pharma market grew to $712billion last year, Scrip, no.3357, 30April2008, https://www.biogrid.org.au viewed December 2008 . Cappelen, ., Raknerud, A., Rybalka, M. (2012). The effects of RD tax credits on patenting and innovations.Research Policy,41(2), 334-345. de Besi, M., McCormick, K. (2015). Towards a bioeconomy in Europe: National, regional and industrial strategies.Sustainability,7(8), 10461-10478. Henshall, C., Sansom, L., Eichler, H. (2014). Understanding the Role and Evidence Expectations of Health Technology Assessment and Coverage/Payer Bodies What Are They Looking for, and How and Why Does This Differ From What Regulators Require?,Therapeutic Innovation and Regulatory Science, 48(3): 341-346 Jungmittag, A., Reger, G., Reiss, T. (Eds.). (2013).Changing innovation in the pharmaceutical industry: globalization and new ways of drug development. Springer Science Business Media. Lee, S. M., Hwang, T., Choi, D. (2012). Open innovation in the public sector of leading countries. Management Decision,50(1), 147-162. Lehoux, P., Daudelin, G., Williams-Jones, B., Denis, J. L., Longo, C. (2014). How do business model and health technology design influence each other? Insights from a longitudinal case study of three academic spin-offs.Research Policy,43(6), 1025-1038. Mahroum, S., Al-Saleh, Y. (2013). Towards a functional framework for measuring national innovation efficacy.Technovation,33(10), 320-332. McCann, P., Ortega-Argils, R. (2013). Modern regional innovation policy.Cambridge Journal of Regions, Economy and Society,6(2), 187-216. Michelino, F., Lambarti, E., Caputo, M. (2014). Measuring Open Innovation in The Bio-Pharmaceutical Industry, Creativity and Innovation Management, 24(1): 1-25 Mudambi, R., Swift, T. (2012). Multinational enterprises and the geographical clustering of innovation.Industry and Innovation,19(1), 1-21. Sears, J and Hoetker, G. (2012). Technological Overlap, Technological Capabilities, And Resource Recombination in Technological Acquisitions, Strategic Management Journal, 35:48-67

Question 7.11 free essay sample

a. The risk that Spring Water face is residual risk. Residual risk is the risk that remains after management implemented internal control or taken some response to inherent risk. In this case, Spring Water Spa Company already applying internal control activities in their daily operation so that to reduce inherent risk that may bring harm to their company. b. In the sales/cash receipts system of Spring Water, there were 3 different levels of authorized people doing their respective independent job of processing their company daily sales. They have the main control strength of segregation of duties among the employees from different positions:- -The sales person mainly focus on the recording of initial order by customer, then print the sales receipt from cash register that shows the total, any discounts, sales tax and grand total. After that collect payment from customer either by check or credit sales, gives the receipt to customer and then deliver the item to customer. We will write a custom essay sample on Question 7.11 or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Besides, he also handles sales return by issue return slip when necessary. The assistant manager main job is to provide a daily reconciled report for the manager’s review by using the totals in the cash register tapes, cash in the cash register, total of consecutively numbered sales invoices and the return slip. The manager review cash sales, credit sales, and credit sales. Besides, he also prepares the daily bank deposit and physically makes the deposit at the bank and files the validated bank deposit. At the end of month, the manager performs bank reconciliation. At last, the cash register tapes, sales invoices, return slips, and reconciled report are mailed daily to corporate headquarter to be processed with files form other store and weekly Sales and Commission Activity Report is returned to each store manger for review.. c. In the sixth component of the COSO ERM framework deals with control activities, the control activities in the Spring Water Spa Company falls on :- i . Proper authorization of transaction and activities ii. Segregation of duties segregation of accounting duties iii. Design and use of documents and records iv. Independent checks on performance reconciliation of two independently maintained sets of records d. Problem avoided or risk mitigated by the control identified in question b:- only sales person is authorized to touch the cash register to take order from customer so if there is any fraud committed at the cash register, the sales person will be liable and thus, he will take good care of the accuracy of every each transaction that being recorded by him. after payment has been made by customer, then only the receipt will be given to the customer and to be directed to the warehouse to obtain the item purchase or shipment of delivery is made. This means that after payment is settled by customer, the sales person will come out with a receipt as evidence that payment has been made and the items shall be taken out to customer. This will avoid the risk of items delivered out of store without any evident of payment and bring to abnormal stock lost. assistant manager job of preparing reconciled report again reviewing of those sales transaction records that made by sales person and therefore any discrepancy or abnormal figure found will be detected by the assistant manager. after manager review the report, reconciliation will be done to ensure the accuracy of the data and after that the reconciled report and other records are mailed daily to corporate headquarters to be processed. This level of activities reduce the risk that manager to commit fraud. e. Spring Water can improve its system of control by create a well designed computer information network for their cash/ receipts cycle so that to reduce the human error risk, redu ce work redundancy and to make sure the process of the cash/ receipts cycle will be carried out more effectively and efficiently.

The Best Music for Studying - 20 Songs

The Best Music for Studying - 20 Songs    According to Nick Perham, a researcher published in Applied Cognitive Psychology, the best music for studying is none at all, which is sure to make all the music aficionados upset to hear.  Perham recommends complete quiet or ambient noise, like a soft conversation or muted traffic for the optimal study background. Websites like SimplyNoise.com and apps like White Noise have millions of users testifying to the fact that ambient noise helps people focus and study. But purveyors of white noise have an equal number of music lovers who would beg to disagree.   Some people, despite Perhams research, believe that music is a must for studying everything from the SAT to the MCAT. They believe that music can really enhance the study experience since music brightens peoples moods and increases positive feelings - both of which are important factors for successful study. Lyric-Free Music Music researchers do agree on one thing, however: music for studying should be free from lyrics, so the songs arent competing for your brains memory space.   The individual songs listed below can give you an idea of the wide range of lyric-free study music available to you. There is an entire  world  out there dedicated to study music that you may have never even heard about. Try Pandora and Spotify stations by genre and artist and download the music apps to help you focus on your studies and NOT on the sweet beats of the songs.   20 Songs for Studying These twenty songs represent a wide variety in musical genres. Everything from classical music by Mozart to covers by Modern Rock Heroes is listed, hopefully hitting a lyric-free genre youd be willing to crack open the books to.   Song: Adagio from Serenade No. 10 in B Flat Major for Thirteen Winds Gran Partita ListenArtist: Wolfgang Amadeus MozartSong: Aloha Ia O Waianae ListenArtist:  Ledward KaapanaSong: Be Still My SoulArtist: David NevueSong: Blues After Hours ListenArtist: Pee Wee CraytonSong: Braveheart Film Score ListenArtist: James HornerSong: Concerto for Violin, String and Harpsichord in C R. 190 I. AllegroArtist: Antonio VivaldiSong: Desfinado ListenArtist: Stan GetzSong: Here Comes The Sun ListenArtist: Piano Music SongsSong: In The Shadow Of Your Wings ListenArtist:  John TeshSong: Love Theme From Romeo and Juliet ListenArtist: Henry ManciniSong: Palladio ListenArtist:  EscalaSong: Étude-Tableau in C Major, Op. 33, No. 2 ListenArtist: RachmaninoffSong: Sigh Listen to SighArtist: PrafulSong: Silence Magnifies Sound ListenArtist: The Six Parts SevenSong: So Long, Lonesome ListenArtist: Explosions in The SkySong: South Street ListenArtist:  Bobby Ross Avila and NaturalSong: Take Five Lis tenArtist: Dave Brubeck Song: Viva La Vida ListenArtist:  Modern Rock HeroesSong: Whiskey Before Breakfast ListenArtist: Doc WatsonSong: You Wish ListenArtist:  Nightmares on Wax

The Legal Environment and Business Decisions Essay

The Legal Environment and Business Decisions - Essay Example It is the costly nature, and the complexity of determining the cost of psychologically-related damages that has inspired the development of alternative ways of compensation. Modern Trends Modern tort law was repeatedly faulted, especially between 1970s throughout 1990s mainly in England and the United States as a slow and complex, and unreasonably expensive, process that is beneficial mainly to the legal representatives concerned (Sugarman, 1985). Whereas, the reservations were merited, the proposed options of direct compensation for injuries failed to win universal approval. In light of this, tort law, as a system of processes and regulations governing part of the implementation of remedies, moved into the current world in its original state. Its existence as a detailed structure of law cannot be linked exclusively to the lack of a strong alternative; rather its continued existence is also exhibited in the level at which the regulations, once projected for use in a fairly nascent so ciety, have translated into a more convenient legal system for a more complicated society. Differences in legal systems According to Best and Barnes (2007) different rules of compensation do not have precise alternatives in all legal systems, but similar issues tend to be considered when determining the eventual amount of damages. In a number of Western systems, such as France, the final figure of damages is considered as an issue of fact and the judges are obligated to offer a determination on it. In UK Law, since the closure of civil courts handling personal injury suits the country has achieved a significant standardization for particular headings of compensation. Common Law Sugarman (1985) indicated that under English Common law jurisdictions order lump sum compensation, whereas in Civil law litigations periodic compensations are preferred. In many cases the difference seems to be theoretical as opposed to practical measures (Sugarman, 1985). In light of this, even in cases wher e the damages are in order to be settled in instalments, courts prefer to order the expending of the damages at once, partly because the beneficiary-victims tend to favour this approach and partly in order to avoid any complications arising in the future. A third reason in support of lump sum damages in Civil Law settlements is that advocates can more easily determine their dues arising from legal representation services than from fairly small instalments, irrespective of its frequency. Best and Barnes (2007) indicated that in case of the death of the victim, all legal systems prefer his estate to lay claim for he or she could have during his lifetime. The circumstances for determining this case differ, however, English law provides for the determination of the compensation. The law also provides the deceased’s kin to seek legal redress. In the legal systems dealing with common law, this is clearly established by the wrongful death statutes. Common law systems also seem to va ry over the issue of who ought to be permitted to litigate under this heading. Edwards, Edwards and Wells (2011) indicated that Common law structures specifically elect the list of the eligible persons, maintaining that their actions are favoured by the victim upon his or her death or when

Chinese Pharmaceutical Industry Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Chinese Pharmaceutical Industry - Research Paper Example Theses firms are additionally required to set aside a minimum of 5.5% of the total revenue for R&D expenses. This Shanghai province necessitates a minimum expenditure of 4%, on similar lines to the Fuji Province which necessitates that the minimum R&D expenditure for such firms should be 5%, an increase of 2% from the earlier 3% prior to 1999. On similar lines, different provinces provide different benefits to the HTIE, with the basic structure remaining the same. These Articles of diverse provinces outline several benefits including tax reductions, discounts on capital purchase, lending support by the government and other operation priorities related to the pharmaceutical HTIE units. The Shenzhen Article 2.2 gives numerous benefits to HTIE units that have operated for more than a decade. The government promises that the income tax for the first and the second year of operation would be waived off completely, and would be reduced by fifty percent by the time they reached the eighth year of functioning. Article 2.3 states that for products concerning National innovation, twenty-five percent of the total share of the local government tax should be returned by a minimum of fifty percent by the municipal government for three years in a row. Article 3.3 further affirms that financial support as debt would be provided by the government to the tune of twenty percent to the HTIE firms. Article A-4.2 assures a discount between ten-twenty percent on rent and A-13.5 assures HTIE firms to have a priority on exports. Article-A/10 reduces the taxes on R&D expenditure. Although the basic vision and goals of the provinces remain the same, slight differences occur in terms of per centage numbers among the provinces of Shanghai, Fuji, Shangxi and the Zhejiang. The role of the government in supporting the HTI Enterprises is obvious by the measures taken to provide aid and support to these enterprises. However, the benefits mentioned in the Articles are applied universally, as a whole to diverse industries, including Information Technology, Bio-technology, Modern agriculture, Environment protection along with the Pharmaceutical Industry (Article 5, Shanghai, 2001-7-2). The government ignores the fact that the pharmaceutical and biotechnology industry play a crucial role in R&D spending with nearly fifty leading Chinese global firms spending 16.4% of their total revenue on R&D activities whereas only four-to-six percent was set aside for the HTIE qualified units in China. The figure of 4-6& is understandably sufficient for other industries' innovation and development, but not so for the Pharmaceutical industry. It is therefore necessary to segregate the Pharmaceutical industry from the HTIE, providing it with a distinct status and consequentl y separate substantial waivers and rewards by the government for these actual innovative Pharmaceutical enterprises to flourish and prosper. Price Ceiling In China, the unequal distribution of medication is a serious social problem because of the differences in the price of drugs and regional incomes. In the year 2000, China ranked fourth last among 191 countries of WHO with regard to health service equality and accessibility. The 2003 national health census, confirmed that 48.9%

Reliability and Validity in Research

Reliability and Validity in Research The debate whether qualitative methods are reliable and valid have been contested for a long time between qualitative and quantitative researchers. Quantitative researchers approach research in a positivistic way where they believe there is a single truth, behaviours can be explained by Universal laws and research should be done objectively (Research Methodology, 2016). Most of the studies also involved using statistical methods to analyse. Today, quantitative research is valued by government and policy makers more as they are more reliable, generalizable and easier to analyse (Cannella and Lincoln, 2004 cited in Tracy, 2010). However, qualitative studies study issues in depth hence it should be valued more. In this essay, the definition of reliability and validity in quantitative and qualitative research will be discussed. Then requirements of a good qualitative research will be explored and interview as a data collection method will be evaluated. Reliability in quantitative research is defined by (Joppe, 2000, cited in Golafshani, 2003) as the Extent which results are consistent over time and accurate representation of the total population under study. This means similar results should be replicable at a different time and the sample should represent characteristics of the general population. Validity is whether the research measure what it intends to and how accurate the data is (Golafshani, 2003). Being objective is also important to ensure data are not biased which affects the reliability of the data. Meeting these objectives will ensure good quality quantitative research. In contrary, qualitative research focuses on structures and process behind to have a deeper understanding of a topic through methods such as interviews and discourse analysis. McDowell (1992) called these researchers critical realists and she believes the work they do can help explain a phenomenon whereas quantitative data are only useful in identifying the pattern as correlation does not equal to cause (empirical realists). Qualitative methods also aim to show that the world is complex (Schoenberger, 1991) and messy, therefore reliability does not apply and generalised as diversity is more important (Flyvberg, 2006). The meaning of validity is different in qualitative research as it does not measure anything. Golafshani (2003) defines it as Whether a study appears to be reasonable and appropriate. This is related to the method of data collection and analysis. However, some academics believe that validity should not be applied to qualitative research as the term is defined from a sci entific background. Therefore, alternative criteria are developed as part of a guideline to improve the quality of qualitative research which will be explored in the next section. There is an ongoing tension between rigour and creativity in the qualitative paradigm. To achieve good rigour, a universal standard could be developed to ensure the quality of work is consistent. However, this is rejected by most qualitative researchers as it limits the creativity of their work and results are usually unpredictable which means it will be difficult to meet the standard. Researchers hence need to strike a balance between the two and a guideline will be the most appropriate way to do so (Bailey et al, 1999). The guideline will allow researchers own interpretation of how rigour could be met based on their own circumstances. This will improve the reputation of qualitative research in the society and accepted more widely by the quantitative researchers and government agencies. It also allows researchers from different paradigm to learn from each other and improve their own research methods (Tracy, 2010) One such guideline was proposed by Guba and Lincoln (1985) cited in Baxter and Eyles (1997) who suggested four criteria evaluating qualitative studies to achieve rigour and trustworthiness. They try to apply criteria from quantitative into qualitative research. Firstly, it should be credible so that it is accurately representing the findings and can be trusted. The reader should be able to understand the issue easily by making the whole research and writing process plausible and persuasive (Richardson, 2000 cited in Tracy, 2010). The second criteria is transferability where findings would be useful outside the study. This is similar to generalisability for quantitative research. However, there is less emphasis in qualitative research on that as each case would be different and no clear conclusion would usually be made. It can be transferable to the reader when they make their own interpretation and decide how each specific case could be useful to their own daily life (Tracy, 2010). T he third criteria is dependability developed from the idea of reliability. Although data collected from qualitative methods would not produce consistent results, the way data is transcribed, coded and analysed can be agreed between multiple researchers and participants to ensure interpretation would be consistent. The final criteria confirmability is based on objectiveness. This is The degree which findings are determined by the respondents and not by the motivations of the inquirer. (Lincoln and Guba, 1985. P.290 cited in Baxter and Eyles, 2010). This is needed to reduce the bias in qualitative data collection and results which is one of the main reason why it is less popular than quantitative research. Researcher being reflexive throughout the study is the main way to achieve this which will be explained further later in the essay. The criteria above could now be used to evaluate interview as a data collection method. There are three types of Qualitative interview which vary in the degree of freedom given to the participant when responding. Structured interview involves answering a set number of questions prepared before. A semi-structured interview provides a better interaction between the participant and the researcher, it is a guided conversation with a few predetermined question and prompts used when more information is needed, which is usually written as an interview guide (Longhurst, 2009). The guide improves the credibility (Baxter and Eyles, 1997) as it allows a better answer to be constructed by the participant. An Unstructured interview is rarely used as it is very difficult for the participant to speak for a long period of time on the same topic and could easily go off topic. Semi- structured is the most common qualitative research method as it strikes the balance between the ability for the participant to speak freely and structuring the interview (University of Leicester, Unknown) pro viding a certain degree of credibility. Conducting interview requires choosing participant carefully through sampling. Purposive sampling is usually used in which means choosing participants which fit with researchers criteria who are usually an insider to the topic of research. This means participants will be able to talk in great detail which is the aim of a qualitative interview. Other sampling methods such as snowball (interviewing friends of participants) and convenience are sometimes used due to difficulty in finding insiders. However, this will reduce the credibility of the research as they might have limited to say due to lack of knowledge in the area (Baxter and Eyles, 1997). Interviewing friends will make it harder to achieve credibility as participants might give accounts to satisfy the need of the researcher which might not reflect the real situation. The sample size is seen by quantitative researcher an important factor to produce good quality research. However, in qualitative interview, the number of intervie ws conducted is usually limited to around to 20 due to time and financial constraints (Baker and Edwards, 2012) Moreover, a large sample size is not needed as it is enough when the theoretical saturation is reached (Glaser and Strauss, 1967 cited in Bailey et al, 1999). This is where the themes identified during analysis are repeating and no new knowledge would be gained from interviewing more people. During the interview and analysing process, the language the researcher use is crucial to the outcome of the result as interviews are based on interpretation by different people (McDowell, 2010). The way a question is asked could receive a different response as same words might have different meanings to people. During transcription, the researcher might make his/her own interpretation when something is unclear and the final level of interpretation is made by the reader themselves (Schoenberger, 1991). To make the interview results transferable to the reader, the transcription and analysis should be narrative with thick description and minimal interpretation from the researcher. This should include detailed description and illustration of the situation (Tracy, 2010), for example using a direct quotation from the interview is a good way to achieve it. Methods to improve the credibility of research includes member check and language training. Member check involves sending a copy of the transcript and analysis to the participant (Long and Johnson, 2000) and ask for feedback. The researcher could also understand the language used in an industry before conducting an interview (Schoenberger, 1991). Both of these methods will reduce the chance of misinterpretation. After transcription, coding is done to identify common themes from different accounts. This is done by the researcher who chooses the themes. Due to limited space in journals, some section of the interview is therefore not analysed. As mentioned before, coding needs to be consistent for the research to be dependable through methods such as collaborative coding or the use of a coding book. Triangulation is a common method used to improve the credibility by using multiple sources and methods which give the same conclusion (Denzin, 1978 cited in Tracy, 2010). For example, using multiple quotations to support a statement made would improve the credibility of the research. Most importantly, researchers should be self-reflexive to improve credibility. They should think about their own positionalities and decide how to declare it to the reader (Longhurst, 2009). One way is to be transparent about how decisions are made during the research such as sampling and coding strategy. This could be attached as an appendix (Creswell and Miller, 2000 cited in Tracy, 2010) at the end to help a reader to decide whether they agree with researchers interpretation. Overall, interview as a data collection method can meet all the criteria proposed by Guba and Lincoln (1985) if the researcher is careful about every decision that was made and the language used to communicate with the reader. The guidelines are developed based on the idea of validity hence it can be said interview is also valid as a method but not in a positivistic way in terms of accuracy. They also suggested that When validity is present, it also represent reliability. Therefore, reliability does not have to be considered as it is irrelevant to qualitative studies. Currently, researchers are not being explicit enough in terms of their rationale and how things are done (Baxter and Eyles, 1997), the guideline will therefore help researchers to be more aware of the issue. However, the guideline should not be taken too seriously to the extent that it affects creativity which is the main objective of qualitative research, hence a balance between the two is needed. Bailey, C, White, C, and Pain R (1999) Evaluating qualitative research: dealing with the tension between science and creativity. Area. 31(2): 169-83. http://eprints.ncrm.ac.uk/2273/4/how_many_interviews.pdf Baxter, Jamie and Eyles, John (1997) Evaluating qualitative research in social geography: establishing rigour in interview analysis. Transactions . 22: 505-25. Golafshani, N. (2003). Understanding Reliability and Validity in Qualitative Research. The Qualitative Report, 8(4), 597-606. Retrieved from http://nsuworks.nova.edu/tqr/vol8/iss4/6 Long, T and Johnson, M. (2000). Rigour, reliability and validity in qualitative research Longhurst, R (2009) Interviews: In depth, semi-structured. In international Encyclopaedia of Geography McDowell, L. 1992. Valid games? A response to Erica Schoenberger. The Professional Geographer. 44(2), pp.212-15. McDowell, L. 2012. https://www.dawsonera.com/readonline/9781446206560 Research Methodology, 2016. http://research-methodology.net/research-philosophy/positivism/ Schoenberger, E. 1991. The corporate interview as a research method in economic geography. The Professional Geographer. 43(2), pp.180-9. Tracy, S.J.2010. Qualitative quality: Eight big-tent criteria for excellent qualitative research. Qualitative Inquiry. 16(10), pp.837-51. http://www.le.ac.uk/oerresources/psychology/psa/unit5/page_09.htm

Data Analysis – Viscosity

Data Analysis – Viscosity Introduction: My aim it to find out the different types of liquids are more or less viscous than each other and why. Some liquids flow more easily than others do. For example, honey is very â€Å"thick† and flows very slowly. Water is thin and flows very quickly. So honey is more viscous than water. Liquids that are made up of small molecules have a low viscosity and liquids with long chain molecules (such as plastics) have a much higher viscosity. The viscosity of materials generally decreases with increasing temperature. (EXAMPLE) A definition of viscosity; â€Å"Viscosity is a measure of a fluid's resistance to flow.It describes the internal friction of a moving fluid. A fluid with large viscosity resists motion because its molecular makeup gives it a lot of internal friction. A fluid with low viscosity flows easily because its molecular makeup results in very little friction when it is in motion. Gases also have viscosity, although it is a little harder to notice it in ordinary circumstances. † (1) As temperature increases, the average speed of the molecules in a liquid increases and the amount of time they spend â€Å"in  contact† with their nearest neighbours decreases. Thus, as temperature increases, the average intermolecular forces decrease.The exact manner in which the two quantities vary is nonlinear and changes abruptly when the liquid changes phase. (2) I am going to use the following alcohols: Ethanol Propanol Butanol Pentanol Hexanol Heptanol Octanol Decanol As there are many of them I am not going to use all of them, only a couple, because it would take time doing all of them, also we don’t have a lot of time in our lesson. Aim: My aim is to find out why some liquids flow more freely than others I am also going to investigate the different alcohols. Hypothesis: I predict that the more carbon molecules it has the less viscous it is.So it would take longer to flow. It is because of the types of alcohol. For instance Propanol is less viscous than Octanol. Preliminary experiment: I carried out a preliminary experiment with different alcohol for each experiment. We did this experiment only once just to get an idea of which experiment seemed the best for us to do. The results are shown in the table way below. Aim: The aim of this was to find out which experiment we wanted to do and which seemed the best to us also which one was fairer and would be easier for us to do and explain why we chose the experiment we did.Prediction: Once I saw our teacher show us the experiment I thought the Tilt Test would actually be ‘cool’ to do but I didn’t want to make my mind up just yet so I tried all of them out. I predict that once you go down to the alcohols with the more carbon lengths are more viscous. Apparatus used: * Alcohols; * Ethanol (2), * Propanol (3), * Butanol (4), * Pentanol (5), * Hexanol (6), * Heptanol (7), * Octanol (8), * Dectanol (10)) For Til t Test: * White tile * Clamp Stand * Pipette * Gloves * Stopwatch * China graph Pencil For Glass Tubing: * Clamp Stand * Blue Tack Air Bubble * Stopwatch * Gloves * Clamp Stand For Ball Bearing: * Ball * Test Tube * Bung * Test Tube Rack * Stopwatch * Gloves Method: Ball bearing: 1. Hold the bung with your thumb and turn it. 2. Quickly time the time taken for the ball to move up. 3. Write down the time taken. Tile Test: 1. Mark the tile from the top horizontally same for the bottom. 2. Get the alcohol and put a drop at the top before the black line so you can measure it easily. 3. Time the time taken for the liquid to flow down at your finish line. 4. Then write down the time taken. . Wipe off the liquid and start again from No. 2. Glass Tubing: 1. Turn the tube upright by holding the clamp not the tube. 2. Time the time taken for the bubble to move up 3. Write down the time taken. Fair test and Safety: Results: Tilt Test: Chemical| Time Taken (1)(Seconds)| Time Taken (2)(Seconds)| Time Taken (3)(Seconds)| Mean(Seconds)| Ethanol (2)| 20. 16| 20. 28| 20. 16| 20. 20| Propanol 2-ol (3)| 30. 00| 12. 52| 28. 79| 23. 77| Butanol (4)| 10. 5| 19. 42| 15. 94| 15. 30| Heptanol (7)| 18. 52| 15. 72| 20. 12| 18. 12| Octanol (8)| 31. 03| 12. 9| 19. 52| 21. 08| Glass Tubing: Chemical:| Time Taken (Seconds):| Ethanol (2)| 20 seconds| Butanol (4)| 28 seconds| Hexanol (6)| 48 seconds| Pentanol (5)| 39 seconds| Octanol (8)| 54 seconds| Ball Bearing: For ball bearing it was really hard to time the amount of time it took to fall as it was really fast. So we could write down our results quick enough. Conclusion: We chose to do ball bearing as it was really fast and we hardly had any time to time it also because thought it was an unfair test as we couldn’t time it probably and we could get it wrong.We chose not to do glass tubing because it was hard turning the clamp stand around plus it was really slow and took long to time. We chose to do tilt test as it seemed the fairest test out of the 3. Also we could change a few things so it would be fairer, like mark a point on the pipette so we get the same amount of alcohol on the tile etc. and wipe of the liquid later. Plus it would be good for a group of 3 as there are 3 jobs that we could do like putting the alcohol on the tile, timing the time taken for it to go pass the finish line also to note down the time taken and draw the table.Real Experiment: Aim: Prediction: Apparatus used and Justification: * Alcohols; * Ethanol (2), * Propanol (3), * Butanol (4), * Pentanol (5), * Hexanol (6), * Heptanol (7), * Octanol (8), * Dectanol (10) * White tile – We used this as it would be clearer to see than a black tile. * Clamp Stand – To keep the tile in the same position to keep it a fair test. * Pipette – to keep the measurements of the alcohol on the tile. * Gloves – To not get any of the liquid on our hands and also because of the safety. Stopwatch – To time the length of the time taken for the liquid to travel down the tile and it seems fair as we aren’t doing it in our heads because we could count slowly or faster than an actual second. * China graph Pencil – It is easier to see and to stop the pencil from dissolving as the marks did this. Method: 1. Mark the tile from the top horizontally same for the bottom. 2. Get the alcohol and put a drop at the top before the black line so you can measure it easily. 3. Time the time taken for the liquid to flow down at your finish line. 4.Then write down the time taken. 5. Wipe off the liquid and start again from No. 2. Fair test and Safety: Results: Conclusion: We marked the pipette so we got the same amount of solution each time to keep it a fair test. We kept the tile at the same height; we changed the types of alcohols. We thought it wouldn’t be fair if we left the alcohol on the tile so we wiped it off after every alcohol we used even if we had to use the same alcohol we still wiped it a s it would be unfair because that alcohol would’ve had more liquid so it could make it faster or even slower.We also kept the maker at the same starting and ending point. We had 3 people in our group, so we did the experiment 3 times so it was fair as we would be changing around what everyone did for instance, putting the liquid on the tile, timing th length it take =s for the alcohol to come down and also writing the time taken down. It was goo as if someone did it wrong we wouldn’t done it again but with a different person doing something different. Evaluation: We were all safe as we used gloves so the alcohol didn’t touch our fingers. We tied our hair back so it wasn’t flying around everywhere.We put our chairs under the table so no one got hurt and we had more room. We made sure the clamp stand was in the middle of the table so it doesn’t fall on anyone’s foot. We also made sure that the tile wasn’t loose so it wouldn’t fal l. I’d say we were 99. 9% safe! The tile wouldn’t stay on so it was at different length but one of us held it steady as one of the sides were up and the other was on the table. We measured it every time we used a different alcohol so it was at the same height each time. Next time we could just put it steady on one angle then measure it instead of doing it the other way.I guess my results are about right as my range bars ion my graph are quite close together, some more than others. So they are quite accurate. I think there are two outliers which are Propan 2-ol (2nd Try) and Octanol (1st Try). It was probably a silly mistake that we did, or it could’ve been the temperature of the room. We all did try the experiment and we did different things such as timing the amount taken for the alcohol to go down, getting the liquid in the pipette and putting it down on the tile and also noting down the time taken.One of us could’ve timed it before or after the alcohol was put on the tile, either that or the amount was too much or too less. Also some of them did evaporate when it nearly got to the end. I think from a scale from 1-10 my results would be a 6 with 10 being the most accurate and 1 being inaccurate. Next time I could measure the temperature and go into a room with no windows and nothing that’s going to affect the temperature so it’s always the same temperature. I could use the same pipette each time. References: 1. http://www. rinceton. edu/~gasdyn/Research/T-C_Research_Folder/Viscosity_def. html (date accessed 20th March 2013 – 15:25) 2. http://physics. info/viscosity/ (date accessed 20th March 2013 – 15:33) 3. http://chem4652011. webs. com/chem465-2. gif (date accessed 20th March 2013 – 15:44) 4. http://upload. wikimedia. org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Propanol_flat_structure. png/640px-Propanol_flat_structure. png (date accessed 20th March 2013 – 15:41) 5. http://upload. wikimedia. org/wi kipedia/commons/4/4b/Butanol_flat_structure. png

Bali Versus America

The number of various cultures spanning the globe is immense. Cultures are influenced and driven by a unique language and style all their own. The land of Bali and America are separated by thousands of miles and have contrasting differences in what is viewed as acceptable behaviors and mannerisms. Language barriers can form walls of separation between what is culturally acceptable in these two countries. These cultures develop influential ways of living that are firmly rooted in tradition.I will discuss the different attitudes and in-born beliefs surrounding the subject of politeness as well as the issue of confrontational behaviors. The way people communicate goes beyond the different languages spoken in America and Bali. . For example, an American woman with mixed decent of Italian and Jewish/Hungarian was raised in the hustle and bustle of New York City. If we placed her in Bali, she would be viewed as an outcast. It’s her New-York-Minute attitude where she needs to be verb ose and outspoken to get her point across and get what she wants, both in the workplace and in her leisure.Some Americans might be taken aback by her husky attitude and view it her in-your-face attitude as insulting and rude. Other people, however, would simply see her as another American trying to make her place in society. The discussions surrounding polite behaviors in America take on differing viewpoints in Comparison to the people of Bali. Americans can be very intense and, according to people of Bali, they would be seen as insulting and out-of-control. It’s the American demeanor and body language that is also so different from the Bali culture.It is also common knowledge among certain Jewish families in America to expect an individual to stand up for her rights and be willing to object to views that oppose her Jewish way of life. Many Americans are expected to be confrontational and argumentative. This is not a choice, but instead a way of life for many Americans and a cultural expectation. Then, if we venture to the beautiful landscapes of Bali, we find a much more complacent society. In fact, emotional arguments are almost never even heard of in Bali. The people of Bali are very kind, soft-spoken and set in their way of showing great respect to one another.A linguist living in Bali for numerous years can attest to this. Try to take the pleasant, soft-spoken cultural demeanor back to New York City and a lovely Balinese traveler might discover that the congested, faced-paced whirlwind known as New York is too loud and offensive—even instilling a sense of fear in an individual. A person will discover, dependent on how deeply-rooted they are in their cultural origin, be it in America or Bali, that they must adapt if they want to survive and succeed in a society with such stark contrasts to one’s homeland.Regardless of the language barriers found in dialogue, contrast is furthered and muddled-over by the cultural influences that are sew n into family tradition. From the same token, many Americans—New Yorkers included—can also feel the fear-factor begin to kindle unpleasant feelings if they are immersed in a soft-spoken culture such as Bali. The people of Bali would be very apprehensive—even shocked—by how American treat one another. The people of Bali view politeness and respect very highly. Bali people would wonder how Americans can function by the way they are so rude and offensive to one another.Par to this apprehension stems from a combination of cultural-language elements: for one, the attitude surrounding confrontation and arguments in America and Bali are so different that they would cause great problems if an American were to move to Bali and vice-versa. Then, when this duress—regardless of how small it might be—is compounded with foreign cultural influence, a resulting sense of fear is likely to occur. The Bali people would be the ones who are fearful of the Americ an’s aggressiveness.If an American were to move to Bali, she would also be culturally shell-shocked but from a different perspective. The Bali people would not react to the American’s rudeness and lack of sensitivity. Thereby making it nearly impossible for an American to succeed in this country American cultures and Bali cultures find argument to be influential, but with contrasting expectations. Life is meant to be interesting and filled with excitement. It’s a means of opening up and sharing one’s personal beliefs that are paramount to success in this culture.Americans are brought up in a society that almost requires aggressiveness. Sometimes this aggressiveness does not consider being polite. It is ignored, at least according to the people of Bali. Bali people, in fact, might deem this behavior as rude and self-serving. This, in turn, can put people on the defensive, sensing the needed to act guarded or cautious when immersed in American cultural beli efs. In closing, it is apparent that the various cultures differences surrounding polite mannerisms and confrontation in the work place and on the home front are starkly different.It’s a different ways of experiencing life. The language barriers are but one challenge that people face if they choose to live or work in a country other than the one they were raised in. As this world becomes more and more global, on both business and family fronts, it’s easy to see that a person doesn’t have to travel out of her own country to experience another culture. The stark contrast of cultural influence is but another step toward uniting this planet as we seek ways to work and live together, harmoniously. SOURCES Listening to Other Cultures, Tannin, Deborah. pp. 221-224

A Short Note On Social Problems With Youth - 1551 Words

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